Comparing Classical And Operant Conditioning (#PSY101Notes)
*Response
Acquisition
<The building phase of conditioning during which the likelihood or strength of the desired response increases>
l Classical conditioning
l Naturally occurring responses are attached to conditioned stimulus by pairing that stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
l Spacing of trials effects rate of training - Intermittent pairing (pairing the conditioned S and the unconditioned S on only a portion of the learning trials) reduces both the rate of learning and the final level of learning achieved
l Multiple trials strengthen US-CS link
l Operant conditioning
l Learning process in which desired responses are followed by reinforcers
l Relevant responses are selectively reinforced
l A Skinner box is often used to limit the range of available responses and thus increase the likelihood that the desired response will occur.
l To speed up this process and make the occurrence of a desired response more likely, motivation may be increased by letting the animal become hungry; the number of potential responses may also be reduced by restricting the animal's environment.
l Shaping, reinforcing successive approximations to a target behavior, can speed up acquisition
*Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
l Classical conditioning
l US and CS are no longer paired, eliminating the CR (repeated non-pairing of CS and US) – extinction - the strength and/or frequency of the learned response diminishes.
l When Pavlov's dogs received no food after repeatedly hearing the bell, they ceased to salivate at the sound of the bell.
l Spontaneous recovery occurs when the CR temporarily returns without additional training (Spontaneous recovery can nonetheless occur)
l Operant conditioning
l Extinction occurs when reinforcement is stopped, eliminating the conditioned behavior
l Spontaneous recovery occurs when behavior temporarily returns without additional training
l Strength, setting, complexity of response determine extinction
l Especially hard to extinguish is behavior learned through punishment rather than reinforcement
*Generalization and Discrimination
l Classical conditioning
l Stimulus generalization – The transfer of a learned response to different but similar stimuli
l Organism learns to respond to other similar stimuli e.g. not only ringing bell but also other unusual noises in testing room –or– Albert’s generalized fear of all kinds of white, furry objects (not only white furry rats)
l Stimulus discrimination –
l Organism learns to respond only to specific stimuli and inhibit the response to all other stimuli
l Operant conditioning
l Response generalization – giving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to that stimulus
l Stimulus generates similar responses
l Response discrimination
l Only specific responses are reinforced in the presence of specific stimuli
📖: Understanding Psychology, Ninth Edition (Charles G. Morris, Albert A. Maisto)
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